Fossil fuels do not directly cause heatwaves. While global temperatures have risen, heatwaves are also influenced by natural climate variability, ocean-atmosphere cycles and land-use changes. Attribution models often rely on assumptions and are subject to significant uncertainties. Linking specific heatwaves to fossil fuels oversimplifies complex climate systems.

While this study attempts to draw direct causal links, significant legal and evidentiary challenges remain before any meaningful accountability can be achieved in courtrooms. The road to actual liability for carbon majors is still littered with complex jurisdictional questions and unresolved issues about customer emissions responsibility.