Research on this topic is paramount to understanding why certain countries thrive economically while others are left impoverished. This phenomenon is most evident in Africa, where Western empires used the imperialist claim of "civilizing" populations as an excuse to steal resources and enslave people. The West is rich today thanks to the plundering of African land and the forced labor of African people.
Whether it be the Romans conquering Britain, the British conquering Scotland, or European imperialism in Africa, all of the relevant variables and dynamics need to be evaluated fairly. Likewise, if you look at the countries never colonized by imperial powers, they remained the most impoverished countries on Earth. A nuanced approach is needed.
There is a 50% chance that the number of people in the world living on $10 (in 2011 INT USD) or less per day will be at least 4.6B in 2025, according to the Metaculus prediction community.