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U.S. District Judge Reed O'Connor of the Northern District of Texas struck down a Biden administration rule on ghost guns on Aug. 17, finding the 2022 ATF regulation unconstitutional under the Second Amendment and void for vagueness under the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause.

U.S. District Judge Reed O'Connor of the Northern District of Texas struck down a Biden administration rule on ghost guns on Aug. 17, finding the 2022 ATF regulation unconstitutional under the Second Amendment and void for vagueness under the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause.

The ruling came months after the Supreme Court upheld the same regulation in a 7-2 decision in March 2025, though that ruling addressed only whether the ATF had exceeded its statutory authority — not whether the rule was constitutional.

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The ruling came months after the Supreme Court upheld the same regulation in a 7-2 decision in March 2025, though that ruling addressed only whether the ATF had exceeded its statutory authority — not whether the rule was constitutional.

The ATF's 2022 Frame and Receiver rule expanded the federal definition of "firearm" to include partially completed frames, receivers and build-at-home kits, requiring serial numbers, federal licensing and background checks for their sale.

The ATF's 2022 Frame and Receiver rule expanded the federal definition of "firearm" to include partially completed frames, receivers and build-at-home kits, requiring serial numbers, federal licensing and background checks for their sale.

O'Connor ruled that the ATF rule lacked a clear standard for determining when unfinished material legally becomes a regulated firearm, leaving that determination to ATF agents' subjective judgment. He also found the rule conflicted with America's historical tradition of personal gunsmithing.

O'Connor ruled that the ATF rule lacked a clear standard for determining when unfinished material legally becomes a regulated firearm, leaving that determination to ATF agents' subjective judgment. He also found the rule conflicted with America's historical tradition of personal gunsmithing.

The court issued a permanent injunction barring ATF from enforcing the challenged rule against Defense Distributed, the Second Amendment Foundation and its current and future members, though the injunction applies only to specific Defense Distributed products named in the lawsuit.

The court issued a permanent injunction barring ATF from enforcing the challenged rule against Defense Distributed, the Second Amendment Foundation and its current and future members, though the injunction applies only to specific Defense Distributed products named in the lawsuit.

Gun control advocates criticized the ruling, with Giffords Executive Director Emma Brown warning it could allow people ineligible to own firearms to obtain untraceable ghost guns without background checks. A Justice Department spokesperson said the department is "evaluating the impact of the court's ruling."

Gun control advocates criticized the ruling, with Giffords Executive Director Emma Brown warning it could allow people ineligible to own firearms to obtain untraceable ghost guns without background checks. A Justice Department spokesperson said the department is "evaluating the impact of the court's ruling."

Judge Strikes Down Biden-Era ATF Ghost Gun Rule

Judge Strikes Down Biden-Era ATF Ghost Gun Rule

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Judge Strikes Down Biden-Era ATF Ghost Gun Rule

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