The law allows authorities to prosecute supporters of sanctions in absentia, imposes political bans of up to 60 years, and permits the seizure of property from those found guilty.
Media outlets face severe penalties under the law, with broadcast media risking closure and text-based media facing fines of up to $51.7 million for supporting sanctions.
The legislation follows the US House of Representatives' passage of the BOLIVAR Act, which would prohibit US government bodies from contracting companies doing business with Maduro's government.
The legislation represents another step in Maduro's systematic crackdown on political opposition and civil society, effectively criminalizing dissent and preventing legitimate criticism of the government. It aims to silence those who seek international support to restore democracy in Venezuela.